ESSAYS -
LIST OF AVAILABLE ESSAYS ...
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Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England": A Review of the Book by William Cronan
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A 4 page overview of the major points presented by this ethnohistorian. Cronan contends that The Native American inhabitants of New England at the point of European colonization viewed the land in a much different manner than did the colonist. They utilized its resources, of course, but they utilized those resources only for the purposes of their own sustenance. The colonists, in contrast, were intent on using the land not just for their own needs but for economic profit. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPcolEnv.rtf

Changing Definitions: Native American Heritage as it Relates to DNA Testing
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A 10 page discussion of the governmental role and interest in the classification of "Native American". Explains the governmental restrictions as to who can classify themselves as Native American, the necessity of being on a tribal roll, and the inadequacies and injustices of that approach. Includes information about self-identification of race and ethnicity for the purpose of the U.S. Census and suggests that DNA typing would be a more acceptable means of qualifying for tribal rolls than would the methodologies which are in use today. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPnaDNA.wps

Charles Mann’s “1491”
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A 3 page review of Charles Mann’s book “1491.” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RA1491.rtf

Cherokee Art
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A 3 page overview of Cherokee Art. The author emphasizes the connection Cherokee pottery has to ancient times and elaborates on its production. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnaCherArt.rtf

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce
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An 8 page overview of Chief Joseph's attitude and attempts to provide for the needs of his people. This paper includes fourteen direct quotes. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPnaNezP2.rtf

Chinookan Economy
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A 5 page discussion of the trade routes, economy, and jargon of these indigenous peoples. Parallels are made with contemporary U.S. economy. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPnaChinookanTrade.rtf

Christian Tragedies: “Hamlet” and “The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse”
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A 4 page review of these two contrasting works of literature, one by Shakespeare and one by modern author Louise Endrich. The author contends that despite their contrasts, each is a Christian tragedy.
Filename: PPnaNoHr.rtf

Christopher Columbus
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A 5 page look at Christopher Columbus as hero and villain. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: RAchcuu.rtf

Chumash
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A 3 page paper which offers a creative tutorial concerning being a Chumash Indian in history. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAcuh.rtf

Colonial Cognizance of Native American Distinction
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A 4 page overview of the fact that despite the tendency of early historians to skim over details on group distinction among Native Americans, early colonists were very aware of those distinctions. The author reviews Daniel Richter’s “Facing East from Indian Country : A Native History of Early America” and Karen Kupperman’s “Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America” to support this contention. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPnaLit3.rtf