ESSAYS -
LIST OF AVAILABLE ESSAYS ...
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The Emperors of China and Japan
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This 9 page paper considers the different roles of the emperors of China and Japan in promoting or inhibiting programs for political and social change. This paper looks at the period between the mid-19th century through the end of World War II and considers the different culture/ideological elements in the societies of China and Japan in order to consider the function of the emperors in both of these countries. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: MHchijap.wps

The Future of the Pax Nipponica
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9 pages in length. The author reviews the fact that it is unlikely that there will be a Pax Nipponica in the near future. This is largely due to the fact that the United States hegemon was purported to be in decline; however this statement is a bit premature as the United States still wields much power. It is not likely a Pax Nipponica could occur at this time. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: JGApaxnp.wps

The History of Japanese - Western Relations from 1400 to 1700
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This is a 5 page paper discussing Japanese foreign relations with the West between the years 1400 and 1700. The years from 1400 to 1700 in Japan covered three Japanese historical periods: the Muromachi Period (1333-1573); the Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573-1603); and, the Edo Period (1603-1867) which also included the great eras of the Shogun. While these centuries are generally not known for their great developments in international trade for Japan, there were certain instances in which Chinese and Western trade and influences and relations were introduced into Japan. During the mid 16th century, the Japanese greatly valued Portuguese weaponry which played a large factor in the ongoing warlord conflicts. By the late 16th century, foreign relations and trade had also been established with Britain, Spain and the Dutch who were as interested in the Japanese artisan goods as were the Japanese interested in goods imported from the Americas such as tobacco and sweet potatoes among other goods. Through the relations established with the English, Western shipbuilding and navigation tools were also of great value. During the mid-17th century however, shogun Iemitsu wanted to strengthen Japan by eliminating foreign influence which included further restrictions on Christianity, which had been introduced by the missionaries in the 1500s, a ban on travel outside of Japan, expulsion of foreign trade merchants and a ban on European literature among other restrictions thereby decreasing foreign trade and relations with the West. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: TJJapEu1.rtf

The Impact of Globalization on Japanese National Identity: Can Japan Transcend the Nation-State?
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This is a 12 page paper discussing the state of the Japanese national identity during the era of globalization. In the first thirty years after the second World War, Japan enjoyed a growing and successful economy within the structure of the nation state. Up until the 1970s and early 1980s, the positive economy also promoted a strong positive national identity within Japan. The Japanese economy “bubble” burst however after the introduction of the free market economy initiated by the U.S. and Britain in the 1980s. In the mid-1990s, the Japanese economy and its identity seemed to be in a national crisis when both the future of the economy and the national identity seemed to be in question. Since the end of the Japanese nation state, there have been several economic, educational and immigration solutions which have been considered which not only address the need to stabilize the economy within the era of increased globalization but also address the need for the maintenance and strengthening of the national identity as well. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TJJapan1.rtf

The Impact of Japanese Economic Policies and Indecisions Regarding Defaulted Bank Loans
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This is a 5 page paper discussing recent economic policies in Japan and their impact defaulted bank loans. Japan’s backlog of bad loans has reached well over U.S. $421 billion and the Bank of Japan (BOJ), Japan’s current Prime Minister Koizumi and Financial Affairs Minister Takenaka seemed to have only recently realized Japan’s financial crisis yet are hesitating on action which may cause an increase in the deflation rate. Three years ago, the bank loan problems were considered third in regards to the economic instability in Japan while today they are considered as one of the major problems. Many of the problems have involved short term economic policies by Japan which have enabled them to narrowly avert economic downturns over the last three years. Critics have found however that many of the policies were actually deceptive in that they included pay off schemes from one government office, the Resolution Collection Corporation into the Bank of Japan when reported loss of loans. These short terms government policies have led to taxpayer deception, constant criticisms and accusations of using scapegoats within the government. A new found hesitation to implement action regarding defaulted bank loans has led to further negative effects in the international investment community. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TJJapec1.rtf

The Impact of the Industrialized Nations on the Developing World in the Twentieth Century
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An 8 page overview of the impact the industrialized world, specifically the U.S. and eastern European powers, has exerted on Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPindWrl.rtf

The Influence of Confucianism in China and Japan
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This 6 page paper looks at several questions, presented by a student, in respect to Confucianism and other aspects of Chinese and Japanese history. Leaders from both Japan and China are compared and contrasted and Confucianism is discussed in depth. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: SA146con.rtf

The Influence of Yukichi Fukuzawa
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5 pages in length. Fukuzawa Yukichi was not only the founder of Keio University, but he is considered by many to be one of the first experts on the West in modern Japan and as such, he is frequently looked upon as having played an important role in the modernization of late 19th-century Japan. Fukuzawa Yukichi firmly believed that every man could benefit from education. He felt that only when the Japanese people were able to stand independently would the Japanese nation be able to be free of the influence of Western powers. Based on his autobiography. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: JGAfukuz.doc

The Injustices of World War II: Japanese American Internment and Atomic Bombs
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A 3 page consideration of these aspects of the horrors of World War II. “Farewell to Manzanar” is used for insight into this time. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPwwIIjapaneseInternment.rtf

The Japanese Banking Crisis
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17 pages. Describes the Japanese banking system and the fact that the Japanese keiretsu system has been accused of having had at least a partial involvement with regard to the instigation of the economic crisis, placing them in a precarious position. The writer discusses the components of the Asian economic crisis, as well as demonstrates how the keiretsu system has contributed to the problem. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: JGAjpeco.rtf