ESSAYS -
LIST OF AVAILABLE ESSAYS ...
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The Artist as Ethnographer
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A 7 page paper which examines this topic and the issues it addresses within the cultural context of the works of artists Susan Hiller and Coco Fusco. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TGarteth.rtf

THE AZTEC CODICES
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This 5 page paper makes the argument that the Aztec codices were more than mere language and not totally classifiable as art. Therefore, this paper concludes that the Aztec codices were both language and art. Examples, quotes from anthropolgical experts, and analogies offered. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: MBaztec.rtf

The Aztecs and Cortez’s Spanish Conquistadors: Conquest or Colonization?
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A 28 page overview of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Aztec people of central Mexico. Emphasizes the radical differences in cultural viewpoints between these two people, particularly their differences in regard to the use of natural resources. Notes that despite the obvious atrocities committed by Spain, and by men like Hernando Cortez in particular, many still question whether Cortez conquered the Aztecs or whether the events which unfolded were simply a matter of Spain colonizing Mexico. Concludes that not only did Cortez actually conquer the Aztec, he did so in an exceedingly cruel and relentless manner and he did so under the guise of colonization. Bibliography lists 24 sources.
Filename: PPnaCrtz.wps

The Bennett Scale and Milton Gordon on Assimilation and Native Populations
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This 3 page paper provides an overview of views of Milton Bennett and Milton Gordon regarding assimilation in Native American literature. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MHNativeTheo.rtf

The Bull and the Virgin: Two Very Different Spanish Symbols
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A 5 page discussion of the meaning of the symbolic representation of the bull and the Virgin Mary in Spanish culture. Contends that the symbology of the Virgin Mary and the Bull could be said to collectively represent the traditional patriarchal hierarchy of Spanish culture, the Virgin Mary representing the ultimate model of womanhood without any of its earthly and sinful connotations and the bull representing the sensual and bodily side of Spanish culture. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPbullVr.wps

The Bushmen Of Today: Myths And Shaping Future Anthropology
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5 pages in length. When one considers the contributions of various populations to the overall network of anthropological information, it is with great curiosity that one looks upon the South African Bushmen. European settlers came upon the Bushmen and must have thought they had walked directly back to the Stone Age by the way the indigenous population was living. Their habits, rituals and cultural traditions were unlike anything the Puritans had experienced, leading them to realize the absolute divergent lifestyles that existed at the time. The extent to which the Bushmen's artistic and literary talents reflect an unsurpassed brilliancy lends to the long lasting they have made upon future anthropological progression. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLCbshmn.rtf

The Catalhoyuk Excavations
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This 10 page paper provides an overview of the excavations at Catalhoyuk and the implications of these excavations, which have been viewed by many as the first urban setting. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MHCatalh.wps

The Change in Marriage Ceremonies and Marriage Social Structures in Latin America Before and After the Spanish Invasion and Introduction of the Catholic Church
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This is a 5 page paper discussing the change in marital ceremonies and structure before and after the Spanish invasion and the introduction of the Catholic Church in Latin America. The traditional marriage ceremonies and marriage social structures which occurred in the communities of the Indians of Latin America before the arrival and the instigation of the Catholic Church by the Spaniards were vastly different than those which occurred after the invasion of the Spaniards. Firstly, traditional Indian marriages were organized by matchmakers and arranged by extensive negotiations by the adult family members. The ceremonies were performed by the local priests without words or involvement of the couple or their families. Marriages were based on alliances between families for political reasons and most often, the couple did not know each other before the union. Marriages were allowed between close cousins, and divorces and polygamy were common practices. After the Catholic Church came to Latin America, matchmakers and family members were not allowed during the pre-marital organization of the ceremony. This took place between the couple and the clergy who would perform the ceremony in the Church. Couples were encouraged by the Catholic Church to marry for love as they were not allowed divorce or polygamy. Family members were encouraged to remain out of the affairs of the couples and couples were told to come to the Church for any counseling in family matters. Previous to the Spanish invasion, married couples may have lived in nuclear families, in extended families, or often, the wives would remain with their own family. After the Church organized the marriage, couples were encouraged to set up their own house away from that of their families’. The structure of the communities and family social alliances were no longer considered valid in regards to marriage in the rules of the Church. In addition to the sacrament of marriage, couples were also required to have the sacrament of baptism before they were allowed to marry in the Catholic Church which required yet another change in traditional ceremony. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TJmarit1.rtf

The Chickasaw Indians
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A 15 page overview on the history and ways of the Chickasaw Indians. The writer describes the Chickasaw people in terms of culture, religion and also in relationship to the United States Government. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: Chickasa.wps

The Concept of Community
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A 4 page exploration of the concept of community. This author discusses the physical, sociological, and psychological aspects of community. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPcommunity2.rtf